Faa'iidooyinka loo adeegsado isticmaalka tuubooyinka birta ee khaaska ah

Faa'iidooyinka loo adeegsado isticmaalka spiled kaarboon bir yar oo bir ah oo muuqata muuqaalka

Sharraxaadda Gaaban:

Adduunyada tuubbada warshadaha, aaladda xulashada iyo hababka dhismaha ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeelan kara waxqabadka iyo cimri dheeraynta nidaamka tuubbada. Mid ka mid ah xulashooyinka caanka ah ee codsiyada warshadaha waa mid ka jajaban kara kaarboon birnbon ah. Noocan ah tuubbada noocan ah waxay bixisaa faa iidooyin badan oo ka dhigaya doorashada koowaad ee warshado badan.

U dir emaylka

Si faahfaafo

Calaamadaha wax soo saarka

Marka ugu horreysa, hannaanka alxanka ee wareega ee loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo cayayaanka birta birta ah waxay soo saaraan shey xoog leh oo waara. Magaalada joogtada ah ee muddadaha ah ee joogtada ah waxay bixiyaan dusha sare, oo isdaba joog ah oo kor u qaadaya qulqulka si hufan ee wax ku habboon oo ah tuubbada. Intaa waxaa dheer, xoogga kaarboon sareeya ee birta ah waxay xaqiijineysaa in tuubooyinka ay u adkeysan karaan cadaadiska sareeya iyo xamuul culus, iyaga oo ka dhigaya ku habboon codsiyo fara badan, oo ay ku jiraan gudbinta saliida iyo gaaska, taageerada qaab dhismeedka iyo taageerada qaab dhismeedka iyo taageerada qaab-dhismeedka.

Faa'iido kale oo muhiim ah oo ahwareer xargaha kaarboonka ee kaararka birtawaa wax ku-daalkeeda khasab ah. Geedi socodka waxsoosaarka ee biibiilada weldeg ee isqarxintu waa mid aad u hufan, taasoo u oggolaanaysa mugga wax soo saarka sare ah qiimo jaban. Tani waxay u tarjumaysaa xalka khaaska ah ee loogu talagalay baahiyaha tuubooyinka warshadaha, gaar ahaan mashaariicda u baahan tiro badan oo tuubooyin ah.

Dhexroor ka baxsan		Dhumucda darbiga (mm)
mm	In	6.0	7.0	8.0	9.0	10.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	16.0	18.0	20.0	22.0
mm	In	Miisaankii dhererkiiba (kg / m)
219.1	8-5 / 8	31.53	36.61	41.65
273.1	10-3 / 4	39.52	45.94	52.30
323.9	12-3 / 4	47.04	54.71	62.32	69.89	77.41
(325)		47.20	54.90	62.54	70.14	77.68
355.6	14	51.73	60.18	68.58	76.93	85.23
(377.0)		54.89	63.87	72.80	81.67	90.50
406.4	16	59.25	68.95	78.60	88.20	97.76	107.26	116.72
(426.0)		62.14	72.33	82.46	92.55	102.59	112.58	122.51
457	18	66.73	77.68	88.58	99.44	110.24	120.99	131.69
(478.0)		69.84	81.30	92.72	104.09	115.41	126.69	137.90
508.0	20	74.28	86.49	98.65	110.75	122.81	134.82	146.79	158.69	170.56
(529.0)		77.38	90.11	102.78	115.40	127.99	140.52	152.99	165.43	177.80
559.0	22	81.82	95.29	108.70	122.07	135.38	148.65	161.88	175.04	188.17
610.0	24	89.37	104.10	118.77	133.39	147.97	162.48	176.97	191.40	205.78
(630.0)		92.33	107.54	122.71	137.83	152.90	167.92	182.89	197.81	212.68
660.0	26	96.77	112.73	128.63	144.48	160.30	176.05	191.77	207.43	223.04
711.0	28	104.32	121.53	138.70	155.81	172.88	189.89	206.86	223.78	240.65	257.47	274.24
(720.0)		105.65	123.09	140.47	157.81	175.10	192.34	209.52	226.66	243.75	260.80	277.79
762.0	30	111.86	130.34	148.76	167.13	185.45	203.73	211.95	240.13	258.26	276.33	294.36
813.0	32	119.41	139.14	158.82	178.45	198.03	217.56	237.05	256.48	275.86	295.20	314.48
(820.0)		120.45	140.35	160.20	180.00	199.76	219.46	239.12	258.72	278.28	297.79	317.25
864.0	34		147.94	168.88	189.77	210.61	231.40	252.14	272.83	293.47	314.06	334.61
914.0	36			178.75	200.87	222.94	244.96	266.94	288.86	310.73	332.56	354.34
(920.0)				179.93	202.20	224.42	246.59	286.70	290.78	312.79	334.78	356.68
965.0	38			188.81	212.19	235.52	258.80	282.03	305.21	328.34	351.43	374.46
1016.0	40			198.87	223.51	248.09	272.63	297.12	321.56	345.95	370.29	394.58	443.02
(1020.0)				199.66	224.39	249.08	273.72	298.31	322.84	347.33	371.77	396.16	444.77
1067.0	42			208.93	234.83	260.67	286.47	312.21	337.91	363.56	389.16	414.71	465.66
118.0	44			218.99	246.15	273.25	300.30	327.31	354.26	381.17	408.02	343.83	488.30
1168.0	46			228.86	257.24	285.58	313.87	342.10	370.29	398.43	426.52	454.56	510.49
1219.0	48			238.92	268.56	298.16	327.70	357.20	386.64	416.04	445.39	474.68	553.13
(1220.0)				239.12	268.78	198.40	327.97	357.49	386.96	146.38	445.76	475.08	533.58
1321.0	52				291.20	323.31	327.97	387.38	449.34	451.26	483.12	514.93	578.41
(1420.0)						347.72	355.37	416.66	451.08	485.41	519.74	553.96	622.32	690.52
1422.0	56					348.22	382.23	417.27	451.72	486.13	520.48	554.97	623.25	691.51	759.58
1524.0	60					373.38	410.44	447.46	484.43	521.34	558.21	595.03	688.52	741.82	814.91
(1620.0)						397.03	436.48	457.84	515.20	554.46	593.73	623.87	711.11	789.12	867.00
1626.0	64					398.53	438.11	477.64	517.13	556.56	595.95	635.28	713.80	792.13	870.26
1727.0	68					423.44	465.51	507.53	549.51	591.43	633.31	675.13	758.64	841.94	925.05
(1820.0)						446.37	492.74	535.06	579.32	623.50	667.71	711.79	799.92	887.81	975.51
1829.0	72						493.18			626.65	671.04	714.20	803.92	890.77	980.39
1930.0	76									661.52	708.40	755.23	848.75	942.07	1035.19
(2020.0)										692.60	741.69	790.75	888.70	986.41	1084.02
2032.0	80									696.74	746.13	795.48	894.03	992.38	1090.53
(2220.0)										761.65	815.68	869.66	977.50	1085.80	1192.53
(2420.0)												948.58	1066.26	1183.75	1301.04
(2540.0)	100											995.93	1119.53	1242.94	1366.15
(284.0)	112											1116.28	1254.93	1393.37	1531.63

Intaa waxaa u dheer, in lagu daro, kobonnada birta birta ah ee loo yaqaan 'carbon bir' Sifooyinka dabiiciga ah ee birta kaarboonka ayaa si aad ah ugu adkaysta hudheelka iyo xaalufinta xitaa jawiga adag. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa ikhtiyaar la isku halleyn karo oo waara oo ah nidaamyada tuubooyinka warshadaha, yareynta baahida loo qabo dayactir iyo bedelaad isdaba joog ah.

Ka sokow cimrigiisa iyo waxtarka-wax-ku-oolnimada, spiard karbon oo bir yar oo bir ah ayaa sidoo kale caan ku ah tabarkeeda. Waxaa loo habeyn karaa inay buuxiso shuruudaha mashruuca gaarka ah marka la eego cabirka, dhumucda iyo xulashada xulashooyinka. Dabaqayntaan ayaa u oggolaanaya codsiyo fara badan oo kala duwan oo ku baahsan warshado kala duwan, taasoo ka dhigeysa ikhtiyaar caan ah injineerrada iyo maareeyayaasha mashruuca.

Intaa waxaa sii dheer, rakibaadda ku rakibida tuubbada kaararka qalooca ee khafiifka ah ee birta birta ah waa mid fudud dartiis awooddeeda, dabacsanaantiisa. Tani waxay yareysaa waqtiga rakibaadda waxayna yareysaa qarashka shaqada, oo sii kordhaya waxtarka guud ee kharashaadka.

Marka la soo koobo, spiral welun oo bir ah bir yar ayaa leh faa'iidooyin badan oo ka dhigaya xulasho aad u fiican oo loogu talagalay codsiyada tuubooyinka warshadaha. Awoodiisa, cimrigiisa, kharashka ku-takoorka, iska caabinta jiifka iyo is-caabbinta iyo isku-darka ayaa ka dhigaya xallin lagu kalsoonaan karo oo hufan oo loogu talagalay warshadaha kala duwan. Awooddeeda lagu hor tago cadaadiska sareeya, xamuul culus iyo jawi adag, oo ku wareegsan kaarboonka birta birta ah ee loo yaqaan injineerku waxay raadinayaan xallin-cabirro-dheer, qaali ah iyo kuwo lagu kalsoonaan karo.