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    Faahfaahinta API 5L Daabacaaddii 46aad ee Baaxadda Tuubada Khadka

    Faahfaahinta API 5L Daabacaaddii 46aad ee Baaxadda Tuubada Khadka Sawirka La Soo Bandhigay
    • Faahfaahinta API 5L Daabacaaddii 46aad ee Baaxadda Tuubada Khadka

    Sharaxaad Gaaban:

    Waxaa la cayimay soo saarista laba heer oo wax soo saar ah (PSL1 iyo PSL2) oo ah tuubooyin bir ah oo aan kala go 'lahayn oo la alxamay si loogu isticmaalo dhuumaha gaadiidka batroolka iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah. Wixii agab ah ee codsiga adeegga Sour, tixraac Lifaaqa H iyo codsiga adeegga dibadda, tixraac Lifaaqa J ee API5L 45aad.


    Faahfaahinta Badeecada

    Calaamadaha Alaabta

    Xaaladda Bixinta

    PSL Xaaladda Bixinta heerka tuubooyinka
    PSL1 Sida loo duubay, loo caadiyeeyay, loo caadiyeeyay oo la sameeyay

    A
    Sida loo duubay, caadi ka dhigaya duuban, la duubay heerkulbeeg, la sameeyay heerkulbeeg, caadi ka dhigaya sameysmo, caadi ka dhigaya, caadi ka dhigaya oo la hagaajin karo ama haddii la isku raaco Q&T SMLS oo keliya

    B
    Sida loo duubay, caadi ka dhigaya duuban, la duubay heerkulbeeg, la sameeyay heerkulbeeg, caadi ka dhigaya sameysmo, caadi ka dhigaya, caadi ka dhigaya oo la hagaajin karo X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70
    PSL 2 Sida loo duubay

    BR, X42R
    Caadiyeynta duuban, caadiyeynta la sameeyay, caadi ah ama caadi ah oo la hagaajiyay BN, X42N, X46N, X52N, X56N, X60N
    La damiyay oo la hagaajiyay BQ, X42Q, X46Q, X56Q, X60Q, X65Q, X70Q, X80Q, X90Q, X100Q
    Heerkulbeegganikada la duubay ama heerkulbeegga la sameeyay BM, X42M, X46M, X56M, X60M, X65M, X70M, X80M
    Heerkulbeegganikada la duubay X90M, X100M, X120M
    Ku filan (R, N, Q ama M) ee darajooyinka PSL2, waxay ka tirsan tahay heerka birta

    Macluumaadka Dalbashada

    Dalabka iibsigu waa inuu ku jiraa tirada, heerka PSL, nooca ama heerka, tixraaca API5L, dhexroorka dibadda, dhumucda derbiga, dhererka iyo wixii lifaaqyo ah ee khuseeya ama shuruudo dheeraad ah oo la xiriira halabuurka kiimikada, sifooyinka farsamada, daaweynta kulaylka, tijaabinta dheeraadka ah, habka wax soo saarka, dahaarka dusha sare ama dhammaadka dhammaadka.

    Habka Caadiga ah ee Wax Soo Saarka

    Nooca Tuubada

    PSL 1

    PSL 2
    Darajada A Fasalka B X42 ilaa X70 B ilaa X80 X80 ilaa X100
    SMSS

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LFW

    ü

    ü

    ü
    HFW

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    LW

    ü
    SAWL

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SAWH

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü

    ü
    SMLS - aan kala go 'lahayn, aan lahayn alxan

    LFW - Tuubo la alxamay oo soo noqnoqota oo hooseeya, <70 kHz

    HFW - Tuubo laalaada oo soo noqnoqota, >70 kHz

    SAWL - Alxanka ku jira biyaha hoostooda oo la alxamay

    SAWH - Alxanka hoos-hoosaadka-qaabka ee helical alxanka leh

    Qalabka Bilaabidda

    Gootooyinka, ubaxyada, billet-yada, gariiradaha ama saxamada loo isticmaalo soo saarista tuubooyinka waa in lagu sameeyaa hababka soo socda, oksijiinta aasaasiga ah, foornada korontada ama foornada furan oo lagu daray habka sifeynta malqacad. PSL2, birta waa in la dilo oo la dhalaaliyaa iyadoo loo eegayo habka hadhuudhka wanaagsan. Gariiradda ama saxanka loo isticmaalo tuubada PSL2 waa inaysan ku jirin wax alxan ah oo dayactir ah.

    Halabuurka Kiimikada ee tuubooyinka PSL 1 oo leh t ≤ 0.984″

    Heerka Birta

    Jajabka cufka, % oo ku salaysan falanqaynta kulaylka iyo badeecada a, g

    C

    ugu badnaan b

    Mn

    ugu badnaan b

    P

    ugu badan

    S

    ugu badan

    V

    ugu badan

    Nb

    ugu badan

    Ti

    ugu badan

    Tuubo aan xuduud lahayn

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.28

    1.20

    0.30

    0.30

    c,d

    c,d

    d

    X42

    0.28

    1.30

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.28

    1.40

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.28 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    Tuubo la alxan

    A

    0.22

    0.90

    0.30

    0.30

    -

    -

    -

    B

    0.26

    1.2

    0.30

    0.30

    c,d

    c,d

    d

    X42

    0.26

    1.3

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X46

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X52

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X56

    0.26

    1.4

    0.30

    0.30

    d

    d

    d

    X60

    0.26 e

    1.40 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X65

    0.26 e

    1.45 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f

    X70

    0.26e

    1.65 e

    0.30

    0.30

    f

    f

    f
    1. Cu ≤ = 0.50% Ni; ≤ 0.50%; Cr ≤ 0.50%; iyo Mo ≤ 0.15%
    2. Hoos u dhac kasta oo ah 0.01% ka hooseeya heerka ugu sarreeya ee kaarboonka ee la cayimay, iyo kororka 0.05% ee ka sarreeya heerka ugu sarreeya ee la cayimay ee Mn waa la oggol yahay, ilaa ugu badnaan 1.65% ee heerarka ≥ B, laakiin ≤ = X52; ilaa ugu badnaan 1.75% ee heerarka > X52, laakiin < X70; iyo ilaa ugu badnaan 2.00% X70.
    3. Haddii aan si kale loo raacin NB + V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%
    5. Haddii aan si kale loo heshiin.
    6. Haddii aan si kale loo raacin, FG + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    7. Lama oggola in si ula kac ah loogu daro B, hadhaaga B ≤ 0.001%

    Halabuurka Kiimikada ee tuubooyinka PSL 2 oo leh t ≤ 0.984″

    Heerka Birta

    Jajabka cufka, % iyadoo lagu saleynayo falanqaynta kulaylka iyo badeecada

    Kaarboon Equiv a

    C

    ugu badnaan b

    Si

    ugu badan

    Mn

    ugu badnaan b

    P

    ugu badan

    S

    ugu badan

    V

    ugu badan

    Nb

    ugu badan

    Ti

    ugu badan

    Kale

    CE IIW

    ugu badan

    CE PCm

    ugu badan

    Tuubbo aan xuduud lahayn oo la welded

    BR

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42R

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    BN

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    c

    c

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.06

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46N

    0.24

    0.40

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56N

    0.24

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05

    0.04

    d,e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60N

    0.24f

    0.45f

    1.40f

    0.025

    0.015

    0.10f

    0.05f

    0.04f

    g,h,l

    Sida lagu heshiiyay

    BQ

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52Q

    0.18

    0.45

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56Q

    0.18

    0.45f

    1.50

    0.025

    0.015

    0.07

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X65Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X70Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.80f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X80Q

    0.18f

    0.45f

    1.90f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    aniga,j

    Sida lagu heshiiyay

    X90Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j,k

    Sida lagu heshiiyay

    X100Q

    0.16f

    0.45f

    1.90

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    j,k

    Sida lagu heshiiyay

    Tuubo la alxan

    BM

    0.22

    0.45

    1.20

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X42M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X46M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.30

    0.025

    0.015

    0.05

    0.05

    0.04

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X52M

    0.22

    0.45

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X56M

    0.22

    0.45f

    1.40

    0.025

    0.015

    d

    d

    d

    e,l

    .043

    0.25

    X60M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X65M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.60f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X70M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.70f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    h,l

    .043

    0.25

    X80M

    0.12f

    0.45f

    1.85f

    0.025

    0.015

    g

    g

    g

    aniga,j

    .043f

    0.25

    X90M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    aniga,j

    -

    0.25

    X100M

    0.10

    0.55f

    2.10f

    0.020

    0.010

    g

    g

    g

    aniga,j

    -

    0.25
    1. SMLS t>0.787", xadka CE waa inuu noqdaa sidii lagu heshiiyay. Xadka CEIIW waxaa lagu dabaqay fi C > 0.12% xadka CEPcm-na waa la dabaqayaa haddii C ≤ 0.12%
    2. Hoos u dhac kasta oo ah 0.01% ka hooseeya heerka ugu sarreeya ee kaarboonka ee la cayimay, iyo kororka 0.05% ee ka sarreeya heerka ugu sarreeya ee la cayimay ee Mn waa la oggol yahay, ilaa ugu badnaan 1.65% ee heerarka ≥ B, laakiin ≤ = X52; ilaa ugu badnaan 1.75% ee heerarka > X52, laakiin < X70; iyo ilaa ugu badnaan 2.00% X70.
    3. Haddii aan si kale loo raacin Nb = V ≤ 0.06%
    4. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%
    5. Haddii aan si kale lagu heshiin, Cu ≤ 0.50%; Ni ≤ 0.30% Cr ≤ 0.30% iyo Mo ≤ 0.15%
    6. Haddii aan si kale lagu heshiin
    7. Haddii aan si kale loo raacin, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%
    8. Haddii aan si kale lagu heshiin, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 0.50% Cr ≤ 0.50% iyo MO ≤ 0.50%
    9. Haddii aan si kale lagu heshiin, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.50% iyo MO ≤ 0.50%
    10. B ≤ 0.004%
    11. Haddii aan si kale lagu heshiin, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55% iyo MO ≤ 0.80%
    12. Dhammaan darajooyinka tuubbooyinka PSL 2 marka laga reebo darajooyinka leh qoraallada hoose ee j, kuwa soo socda ayaa khuseeya. Haddii aan si kale loo raacin, laguma oggola in si ula kac ah loogu daro B iyo haraaga B ≤ 0.001%.

    Garaacis iyo Wax-soo-saar - PSL1 iyo PSL2

    Heerka Tuubada

    Astaamaha Taagista - Jidhka Tuubooyinka SMLS iyo Tuubooyinka Alxanka leh PSL 1

    Tolmada tuubooyinka la isku qurxiyey

    Xoog Wax Soo Saar ah a

    Rt0,5PSI Ugu Yar

    Xoogga jiidista a

    Ugu yaraan PSI Rm

    Kordhinta

    (2in Af % daqiiqo)

    Xoogga jiidista b

    Ugu yaraan PSI Rm

    A

    30,500

    48,600

    c

    48,600

    B

    35,500

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X42

    42,100

    60,200

    c

    60,200

    X46

    46,400

    63,100

    c

    63,100

    X52

    52,200

    66,700

    c

    66,700

    X56

    56,600

    71,100

    c

    71,100

    X60

    60,200

    75,400

    c

    75,400

    X65

    65,300

    77,500

    c

    77,500

    X70

    70,300

    82,700

    c

    82,700
    a. Darajada dhexe, farqiga u dhexeeya xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay iyo wax soo saarka ugu yar ee la cayimay ee jirka tuubooyinka waa inuu ahaadaa sida loo bixiyay darajada sare ee xigta.

    b. Darajooyinka dhexe, xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay ee tolmada alxanka waa inuu la mid noqdaa kan loo go'aamiyay jirka iyadoo la adeegsanayo calaamadda cagta a.

    c. Kordhinta ugu yar ee la cayimay, Af, lagu cabiray boqolleyda oo lagu soo koobay boqolleyda ugu dhow, waxaa lagu go'aamin doonaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta soo socota:

    Halka C uu yahay 1 940 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada Si iyo 625 000 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada USC

    Axcwaa mid khuseysa qaybta tijaabada ee la riixo oo ah bedka isgoyska, oo lagu muujiyay milimitir laba jibbaaran (inji laba jibbaaran), sida soo socota

    - Qaybaha tijaabada ee isgoyska wareegsan, 130mm2 (0.20 gudaha2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 12.7 mm (0.500 inji) iyo 8.9 mm (.350 inji) iyo 65 mm2(0.10 inji)2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 6.4 mm (0.250in).

    - Qaybaha tijaabada ee qaybta oo dhan, kan ugu yar ee a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji)2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, oo laga soo qaatay dhexroorka dibadda ee la cayimay iyo dhumucda derbiga ee la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.10in)2)

    - Qaybaha tijaabada xariijimaha, kan ugu yar ee a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji)2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, oo laga soo qaatay ballaca la cayimay ee qaybta tijaabada iyo dhumucda derbiga la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.10in)2)

    U waa xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay, oo lagu muujiyey megapascals (pounds halkii inji laba jibbaaran)

    Heerka Tuubada

    Astaamaha Taagista - Jidhka Tuubooyinka SMLS iyo Tuubooyinka Alxanka leh PSL 2

    Tolmada tuubooyinka la isku qurxiyey

    Xoog Wax Soo Saar ah a

    Rt0,5PSI Ugu Yar

    Xoogga jiidista a

    Ugu yaraan PSI Rm

    Saamiga a, c

    R10,5IRm

    Kordhinta

    (2 inji)

    Af %

    Xoogga jiidista d

    Rm(psi)

    Ugu Yar

    Ugu badnaan

    Ugu Yar

    Ugu badnaan

    Ugu badnaan

    Ugu Yar

    Ugu Yar
    BR, BN,BQ,BM

    35,500

    65,300

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X42, X42R, X2Q, X42M

    42,100

    71,800

    60,200

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    60,200
    X46N, X46Q, X46M

    46,400

    76,100

    63,100

    95,000

    0.93

    f

    63,100
    X52N,X52Q,X52M

    52,200

    76,900

    66,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    66,700
    X56N,X56Q,X56M

    56,600

    79,000

    71,100

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    71,100
    X60N,X60Q,S60M

    60,200

    81,900

    75,400

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    75,400
    X65Q,X65M

    65,300

    87,000

    77,600

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    76,600
    X70Q,X65M

    70,300

    92,100

    82,700

    110,200

    0.93

    f

    82,700
    X80Q,X80M

    80,.500

    102,300

    90,600

    119,700

    0.93

    f

    90,600
    a. Darajada dhexe, tixraac qeexitaanka API5L oo dhammaystiran.

    b. darajooyinka > X90 tixraac qeexitaanka API5L oo dhammaystiran.

    c. Xadkan wuxuu khuseeyaa keega leh D> 12.750 inji

    d. Darajooyinka dhexe, xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay ee tolmada alxanka waa inuu ahaadaa qiime la mid ah kan lagu go'aamiyay jirka tuubada iyadoo la adeegsanayo cagta a.

    e. Tuubada u baahan baaritaanka dhererka, xoogga wax-soo-saarka ugu badan waa inuu ahaadaa ≤ 71,800 psi

    f. Kordhinta ugu yar ee la cayimay, Af, lagu cabiray boqolleyda oo lagu soo koobay boqolleyda ugu dhow, waxaa lagu go'aamin doonaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta soo socota:

    Halka C uu yahay 1 940 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada Si iyo 625 000 xisaabinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo cutubyada USC

    Axcwaa mid khuseysa qaybta tijaabada ee la riixo oo ah bedka isgoyska, oo lagu muujiyay milimitir laba jibbaaran (inji laba jibbaaran), sida soo socota

    - Qaybaha tijaabada ee isgoyska wareegsan, 130mm2 (0.20 gudaha2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 12.7 mm (0.500 inji) iyo 8.9 mm (.350 inji) iyo 65 mm2(0.10 inji)2) qaybaha tijaabada ee dhexroorkoodu yahay 6.4 mm (0.250in).

    - Qaybaha tijaabada ee qaybta oo dhan, kan ugu yar ee a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji)2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, oo laga soo qaatay dhexroorka dibadda ee la cayimay iyo dhumucda derbiga ee la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.10in)2)

    - Qaybaha tijaabada xariijimaha, kan ugu yar ee a) 485 mm2(0.75 inji)2) iyo b) aagga isgoyska ee qaybta tijaabada, oo laga soo qaatay ballaca la cayimay ee qaybta tijaabada iyo dhumucda derbiga la cayimay ee tuubada, oo loo wareejiyay 10 mm ugu dhow2(0.10in)2)

    U waa xoogga ugu yar ee la cayimay, oo lagu muujiyey megapascals (pounds halkii inji laba jibbaaran).

    g. Qiimayaasha hoose ee R10,5IRm waa la cayimi karaa heshiis ahaan

    h. darajooyinka > x90 tixraac qeexitaanka API5L oo dhammaystiran.

    Imtixaanka Hydrostatic-ka

    Tuubo u adkeysan karta tijaabada hydrostatic iyada oo aan laga daadan tolmada alxanka ama jirka tuubada. Isku-xidhayaasha looma baahna in la tijaabiyo hydrostatic haddii qaybaha tuubooyinka la isticmaalay si guul leh loo tijaabiyay.

    Imtixaanka Laabista

    Qayb kasta oo ka mid ah qaybta tijaabada ah kama dhici doonto dildilaac, mana dhici doonto furitaanka alxanka.

    Imtixaanka Fiditaanka

    Shuruudaha aqbalaadda ee tijaabada siman waa inay ahaadaan
    a) Tuubooyinka EW D <12.750 inji
    -≥ X60 oo leh T≥0.500in, ma jiri doonto furitaan alxanka ka hor inta masaafada u dhaxaysa taarikada aysan ka yarayn 66% dhexroorka dibadda ee asalka ah. Dhammaan darajooyinka iyo derbiga, 50%.
    - Tuubada leh D/t > 10, ma jiri doonto furitaan alxanka ka hor inta masaafada u dhaxaysa saxanadaha aysan ka yarayn 30% dhexroorka dibadda ee asalka ah.
    b) Cabbirrada kale, tixraac qeexitaanka API5L oo dhammaystiran

    Tijaabada saameynta CVN ee PSL2

    Cabbirrada iyo darajooyinka tuubooyinka PSL2 badan waxay u baahan yihiin CVN. Tuubo aan tolnayn ayaa lagu tijaabinayaa jirka. Tuubada alxanka waa in lagu tijaabiyaa jirka, Alxanka Tuubada iyo aagga ay saameysay kulaylka (HAZ). Ka eeg qeexitaanka API5L oo dhammaystiran jaantuska cabbirrada iyo darajooyinka iyo qiimayaasha tamarta la nuugo ee loo baahan yahay.

    Dulqaadka Dhexroorka Dibadda, Wareegga iyo dhumucda derbiga oo aan lahayn

    Dhexroorka Dibadda ee la Cayimay D (in)

    Dhexroorka Dulqaadka, inji d

    Dulqaadka Wareegga Ka Baxsan

    Tuubbo marka laga reebo dhammaadka a

    Dhamaadka tuubada a, b, c

    Tuubbo marka laga reebo Dhamaadka a

    Dhammaadka Tuubada a, b, c

    Tuubada SMLS

    Tuubo la alxan

    Tuubada SMLS

    Tuubo la alxan

    < 2.375

    -0.031 ilaa + 0.016

    - 0.031 ilaa + 0.016

    0.048

    0.036

    ≥2.375 ilaa 6.625

    +/- 0.0075D

    		 - 0.016 ilaa + 0.063

    0.020D ee loogu talagalay

    Heshiis ahaan

    0.015D loogu talagalay

    Heshiis ahaan

    >6.625 ilaa 24,000

    +/- 0.0075D

    +/- 0.0075D, laakiin ugu badnaan waa 0.125

    +/- 0.005D, laakiin ugu badnaan 0.063

    0.020D

    0.015D

    >24 ilaa 56

    +/- 0.01D

    +/- 0.005D laakiin ugu badnaan 0.160

    +/- 0.079

    +/- 0.063

    0.015D laakiin ugu badnaan 0.060

    Waayo,

    Heshiis ahaan

    ee

    0.01D laakiin ugu badnaan 0.500

    Waayo,

    Heshiis ahaan

    ee
    >56 Sida lagu heshiiyay
    1. Dhamaadka tuubada waxaa ku jira dherer dhan 4 inji mid kasta oo ka mid ah addimada tuubada
    2. Tuubooyinka SMLS, dulqaadka waxaa loo adeegsadaa t≤0.984in, dulqaadkana tuubada qaro weyn waa inuu ahaadaa sidii lagu heshiiyay.
    3. Tuubada la ballaariyay ee leh D≥8.625in iyo tuubo aan la ballaadhin, dulqaadka dhexroorka iyo dulqaadka ka baxsan wareegga waxaa lagu go'aamin karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhexroorka gudaha ee la xisaabiyay ama dhexroorka gudaha ee la cabbiray halkii laga isticmaali lahaa OD-ga la cayimay.
    4. Si loo go'aamiyo u hoggaansanaanta dulqaadka dhexroorka, dhexroorka tuubada waxaa lagu qeexaa wareegga tuubada ee qayb kasta oo wareeg ah oo loo qaybiyo Pi.

    Dhumucda derbiga

    inji

    Dulqaadka a

    inji

    Tuubo SMLS ah b

    ≤ 0.157

    + 0.024 / – 0.020

    > 0.157 ilaa < 0.948

    + 0.150t / – 0.125t

    ≥ 0.984

    + 0.146 ama + 0.1t, midkee weyn

    - 0.120 ama – 0.1t, midkee ka weyn

    Tuubo alxan leh c, d

    ≤ 0.197

    +/- 0.020
    > 0.197 ilaa < 0.591

    +/- 0.1t

    ≥ 0.591

    +/- 0.060
    1. Haddii dalabka iibsigu uu qeexo dulqaad laga jaray dhumucda derbiga oo ka yar qiimaha khuseeya ee lagu sheegay shaxdan, dulqaadka dheeraadka ah ee dhumucda derbiga waa in lagu kordhiyaa xaddi ku filan si loo ilaaliyo heerka dulqaadka ee khuseeya.
    2. Tuubooyinka leh D≥ 14.000 inji iyo t≥0.984in, dulqaadka dhumucda derbiga ee maxalliga ah wuxuu ka badnaan karaa dulqaadka dheeraadka ah ee dhumucda derbiga 0.05t dheeraad ah iyadoo la tixgelinayo in dulqaadka dheeraadka ah ee cufnaanta aan la dhaafin.
    3. Dulqaadka dheeraadka ah ee dhumucda derbigu ma khuseeyo aagga alxanka
    4. Faahfaahin buuxda ka eeg faahfaahinta API5L oo dhammaystiran
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