Zart gbbpe pbbf911-2011 khadadka biyaha dhulka hoostiisa

Sharraxaadda Gaaban:

Dhanka kale ee injineerinka warshadaha, waa qayb muhiim ah oo hubisa xoog iyo isku halaynta had iyo jeer waa la iska indhatiraa - tuubbada welwelka leh. In kasta oo ay ka kooban tahay muuqaal hoose, injineerkan injineernimadan oo ah mid la yaab leh oo la taaban karo, laqabsashada codsiyada badan ee warshadaha kala duwan. Maanta, waxaan ku galnaa faahfaahinta xasaasiga ah ee tuubbada qunducday, sahaminta qaabkiisa, waxtarka iyo doorkeeda aasaasiga ah ee lagu taageerayo kaabayaasha casriga ah.


Si faahfaafo

Calaamadaha wax soo saarka

Saxsanaanta tuubbooyinka dharka lagu xiro ee wareega:

Tuubbada dharka lagu dhejiyo waa mid cajiib ah oo injineer ah oo lagu garto isku darka xoog, cimri dherer iyo waxtar. Tuubooyinkaani waxaa lagu soo saaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo tikniyoolajiyadda farshaxanka ee casriga ah oo ay maraan hanaan wax soo saar leh oo wax soo saar ah. Laga bilaabo birta xiran, xargaha ayaa ah in la qoro oo lagu gudbo taxane rollers oo si tartiib tartiib ah u foororsada si ay u sameeyaan si ay u sameeyaan wareega. Geedka cidhifyada ayaa markaa la isku qurxiyaa, hubinta in tuubooyinka ay isdaba joogtaan oo si weyn isugu dhafan yihiin.

Dhexroor dibadda ah (D) Dhumucda darbiga ee la cayimay ee mm Cadaadiska ugu yar ee baaritaanka (MPA)
Fasalka birta
in mm L210 (a) L245 (b) L290 (X42) L320 (x46) L360 (x52) L390 (x56) L415 (x60) L450 (x65) L485 (x70) L555 (x80)
8-5 / 8 219.1 5.0 5.8 6.7 9.9 11.0 12.3 13.4 14.2 15.4 16.6 19.0
7.0 8.1 9.4 13.9 15.3 17.3 18.7 19.9 20.7 20.7 20.7
10.0 11.5 13.4 19.9 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
9-5 / 8 244.5 5.0 5.2 6.0 10.1 11.1 12.5 13.6 14.4 15.6 16.9 19.3
7.0 7.2 8.4 14.1 15.6 17.5 19.0 20.2 20.7 20.7 20.7
10.0 10.3 12.0 20.2 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
10-3 / 4 273.1 5.0 4.6 5.4 9.0 10.1 11.2 12.1 12.9 14.0 15.1 17.3
7.0 6.5 7.5 12.6 13.9 15.7 17.0 18.1 19.6 20.7 20.7
10.0 9.2 10.8 18.1 19.9 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
12-3 / 4 323.9 5.0 3.9 4.5 7.6 8.4 9.4 10.2 10.9 11.8 12.7 14.6
7.0 5.5 6.5 10.7 11.8 13.2 14.3 15.2 16.5 17.8 20.4
10.0 7.8 9.1 15.2 16.8 18.9 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
  (325.0) 5.0 3.9 4.5 7.6 8.4 9.4 10.2 10.9 11.8 12.7 14.5
7.0 5.4 6.3 10.6 11.7 13.2 14.3 15.2 16.5 17.8 20.3
10.0 7.8 9.0 15.2 16.7 18.8 20.4 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
13-3 / 8 339.7 5.0 3.7 4.3 7.3 8.0 9.0 9.8 10.4 11.3 12.1 13.9
8.0 5.9 6.9 11.6 12.8 14.4 15.6 16.6 18.0 19.4 20.7
12.0 8.9 10.4 17.4 19.2 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
14 355.6 6.0 4.3 5.0 8.3 9.2 10.3 11.2 11.9 12.9 13.9 15.9
8.0 5.7 6.6 11.1 12.2 13.8 14.9 15.9 17.2 18.6 20.7
12.0 8.5 9.9 16.6 18.4 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
  (377.0) 6.0 4.0 4.7 7.8 8.6 9.7 10.6 11.2 12.2 131 15.0
8.0 5.3 6.2 10.5 11.5 13.0 14.1 15.0 16.2 17.5 20.0
12.0 8.0 9.4 15.7 17.3 19.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
16 406.4 6.0 3.7 4.3 7.3 8.0 9.0 9.8 10.4 11.3 12.2 13.9
8.0 5.0 5.8 9.7 10.7 12.0 131 13.9 15.1 16.2 18.6
12.0 7.4 8.7 14.6 16.1 18.1 19.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
  (426.0) 6.0 3.5 4.1 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.8 11.6 13.3
8.0 4.7 5.5 9.3 10.2 11.5 12.5 13.2 14.4 15.5 17.7
12.0 7.1 8.3 13.9 15.3 17.2 18.7 19.9 20.7 20.7 20.7
18 457.0 6.0 3.3 3.9 6.5 7.1 8.0 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.8 12.4
8.0 4.4 5.1 8.6 9.5 10.7 11.6 12.4 13.4 14.4 16.5
12.0 6.6 7.7 12.9 14.3 16.1 17.4 18.5 20.1 20.7 20.7
20 508.0 6.0 3.0 3.5 6.2 6.8 7.7 8.3 8.8 9.6 10.3 11.8
8.0 4.0 4.6 8.2 9.1 10.2 11.1 11.8 12.8 13.7 15.7
12.0 6.0 6.9 12.3 13.6 15.3 16.6 17.6 19.1 20.6 20.7
16.0 7.9 9.3 16.4 18.1 20.4 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
  (529.0) 6.0 2.9 3.3 5.9 6.5 7.3 8.0 8.5 9.2 9.9 11.3
9.0 4.3 5.0 8.9 9.8 11.0 11.9 12.7 13.8 14.9 17.0
12.0 5.7 6.7 11.8 131 14.7 15.9 16.9 18.4 19.8 20.7
14.0 6.7 7.8 13.8 15.2 17.1 18.6 19.8 20.7 20.7 20.7
16.0 7.6 8.9 15.8 17.4 19.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
22 559.0 6.0 2.7 3.2 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.4 10.7
9.0 4.1 4.7 8.4 9.3 10.4 11.3 12.0 13.0 14.1 16.1
12.0 5.4 6.3 11.2 12.4 13.9 15.1 16.0 17.4 18.7 20.7
14.0 6.3 7.4 131 14.4 16.2 17.6 18.7 20.3 20.7 20.7
19.1 8.6 10.0 17.8 19.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
22.2 10.0 11.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
24 610.0 6.0 2.5 2.9 5.1 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.3 8.0 8.6 9.8
9.0 3.7 4.3 7.7 8.5 9.6 10.4 11.0 12.0 12.9 14.7
12.0 5.0 5.8 10.3 11.3 12.7 13.8 14.7 15.9 17.2 19.7
14.0 5.8 6.8 12.0 13.2 14.9 16.1 17.1 18.6 20.0 20.7
19.1 7.9 9.1 16.3 17.9 20.2 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
25.4 10.5 12.0 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
  (630.0) 6.0 2.4 2.8 5.0 5.5 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.7 8.3 9.5
9.0 3.6 4.2 7.5 8.2 9.3 10.0 10.7 11.6 12.5 14.3
12.0 4.8 5.6 9.9 11.0 12.3 13.4 14.2 15.4 16.6 19.0
16.0 6.4 7.5 13.3 14.6 16.5 17.8 19.0 20.6 20.7 20.7
19.1 7.6 8.9 15.8 17.5 19.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7
25.4 10.2 11.9 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7

Kala-guurka codsiyada warshadaha:

1. Warshadaha saliida iyo gaaska:

Tuubbooyinka qaylada go'doominta ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa waaxda saliida iyo gaaska sababtoo ah awoodooda ay u leeyihiin inay uga hortagaan cadaadiska aadka u daran iyo xaaladaha daran ee deegaanka. Dhismooyinka gaadiidka, tuubooyinkan si wax ku ool ah oo si hufan u qaadaya saliida iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah masaafado dhaadheer halka iska caabbigaan ee muddada-dheer ay hubiyaan sharafdarro qaab-dhismeed muddada-dheer.

2. Biyaha iyo maaraynta biyaha wasakhda ah:

Biyaha biyaha iyo nidaamyada maaraynta biyaha wasakhda ah, tuubooyinka dharka lagu dhaqo ee wareegaya ayaa bixiya xalka lagu kalsoonaan karo. Dhismahoodu adag ayaa u oggolaaneysa inay wax ka qabato qulqulka biyaha cadaadiska sareeya inta si hufan loo xakameeyo qashinka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, iska caabbinta qormooyinka waxay xaqiijineysaa cimri dherer, waxay yareysaa kharashaadka dayactirka waxayna yareyneysaa khataraha deegaanka.

3. Dhismaha kaabayaasha:

Tuubbooyinka dharka lagu dhejiyo ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara horumarka kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha waana qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee ku jira buundada buundada, aasaaska aasaaska iyo tunelada dhulka hoostiisa ah. Sababo la xiriira xoogga qaabdhismeedka sare, waxay awoodaan inay u adkeystaan ​​xamuul culus, nashaad seismic iyo imtixaanka waqtiga. Tani waxay ka dhigeysaa inay ku habboon yihiin taageerida mashaariicda kaabayaasha tabobaraalka ee waarta iyo kuwa aaminka ah.

Tuubbada loogu talagalay khadka biyaha dhulka hoostiisa

Faa'iidooyinka tuubbada gogol-dhaaf ah:

1. Xoog iyo cimri dherer:

Tuubbada dharka lagu dhejiyo ee wareegaya waxay leeyihiin xoog aad u wanaagsan oo ay u adkeysan karaan cadaadis, naxdin iyo gariir. Waxaa loo dhisay si ay u hubiyaan in walbahaarka si siman loogu qaybiyo dhererka geedka oo dhan, sidaas darteedna kor u qaadida is-xakamaynta qaab-dhismeedka.

2. Cadaadiska Caddaaladda:

Tuubbooyinka dharka lagu dhejiyo ee wareegaya waxay leeyihiin iska caabin aad u wanaagsan oo loo adeegsado adeegsiga agab ama daboolay. Hantidani waxay u oggolaaneysaa inay iska caabiyaan xaaladaha ciidda ee xaraashka ah, soo-gaadhista kiimikada iyo xaaladaha cimilada ba'an, iyaga oo ka dhigaya xalka muddada-dheer ee ku habboon codsiyada kala duwan.

3. Waxtarka--

Awoodda wax soosaarka tuubbada qunsulka ee mugga badan oo cabirro waaweyn ayaa yareynaya qarashka shaqaalaha marka loo eego hababka wax soo saarka ee tuubbada, taasoo ka dhigeysa ikhtiyaar qaali ah mashruuc ganacsi iyo warshadeed. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, shuruudaha dayactirka hooseeya iyo cimri dhererkiisu wuxuu sii wanaajiyaa suuragalnimadiisa dhaqaale.

Gunaanad:

In kasta oo inta badan la iska indhatiro, tuubbooyinka welwelka leh ee loo yaqaan 'vipe' ayaa u qalma aqoonsiga tabar-dhimista aan caadiga ahayn ee codsiyada warshadaha kala duwan. Xooggooda, cimrigooda iyo iska caabbinta daadashada ayaa ka dhigaya doorasho la isku halleyn karo oo loogu talagalay mashaariicda kaabayaasha, hubinta in sharafta muddada fog ah. Adduunyo halkaas oo lagu kalsoonaan karo iyo hufnaantu u-horreyntu ay sii wadayso taageerada injineernimadaas ay sii wado taageeraan oo ay sii wanaajiso qaybaha muhiimka ah sida saliidaha saliida iyo gaaska, maaraynta biyaha iyo horumarinta kaabayaasha.


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